In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) can be a transformative step on your preconception journey, but it requires lots of research and planning. It costs time and money, takes a psychological and emotional toll, and, for women, comes with risks of pregnancy complications as well as to their overall health. Many worry it will increase their risk of hormone-sensitive cancers – breast, womb, and endometrial – and the research on this is mainly reassuring, though some studies do show a slightly increased risk, especially if you have a family history of any of these cancers.

One issue with studying any cancer risk that may come with IVF is the length of time between treatment and the average age of cancer diagnosis. The ideal way to evaluate the safety of IVF treatment would be to conduct large randomised trials and follow women over a long period of time—perhaps 20 years or more, or at least until they reach the average age at which cancer is diagnosed. However, this is not ethical or practical. As an alternative, observational studies are an excellent research tool, but they come with limitations.

We still recommend asking your doctor about how IVF may affect your personal risk. A 2021 study highlighting an increased risk of breast cancer among IVF patients recommended that any healthcare professional providing IVF make patients aware of the link, but until there is firmer evidence, it may be a conversation you need to start.

What are some health complications I may experience while going through IVF?

Some women react badly to the medicines you need to take during treatment. Side effects include hot flashes, headaches, irritability, bloating, mood swings, and restlessness. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is a rare and painful complication that happens when your body responds excessively to IVF medication and produces too many eggs. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. OHSS may require specialist or hospital care.

Does an IVF pregnancy come with more risks?

Yes, and your age, general health, and medical history will all impact how each concern applies to you, so it's extremely important to be open and honest with your healthcare team. Women who conceive through IVF may be at greater risk of high blood pressure and gestational diabetes in pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and premature labour. They are also more likely to conceive multiples and have babies with birth defects.

How can I stay healthy while having IVF?

Pursuing a healthy lifestyle—eating well, managing stress, getting proper sleep, and avoiding drugs and smoking—are all very important. Moderate alcohol and caffeine consumption is advisable, though some doctors will recommend you cut both out entirely. There is some research suggesting that acupuncture during IVF supports implantation, and it could also help with your stress management and relaxation.

Can I exercise during IVF?

Doctors usually discourage any exercise on the day of your egg retrieval procedure. Because the procedure involves both anesthesia and surgery. The whole thing takes a significant toll on your body, which needs rest. Lots of women have questions about exercising during IVF. Light to moderate exercise is fine during your IVF cycle, with the exception of egg retrieval day, which should be all about getting lots of rest and relaxation. More intense exercise should be avoided while undergoing IVF.

What is light to moderate exercise?

Swimming, yoga, and walking are popular light-to-moderate exercises. You should avoid running, skiing, boxing, or anything that might result in a fall or injury to the abdomen.

At the time of writing, it's been 46 years since the first IVF baby was born, and the treatment has brought joy to so many families. We don't mean this article to be discouraging in any way. IVF is the right choice for millions of parents. However, in our experience, if you start your preconception journey empowered with information, you can ask the right questions and achieve the best possible experience in your circumstances.

For more information that supports you while you're trying to get pregnant, watch Unii's Preconception Journey with Dr. Shree Datta.

Will having IVF increase my cancer risk?

In-vitro fertilisation is a big decision. Unii looks at this important question for those seeking fertility assistance.